BBG Watch Media
The editor of BBC World Service News until earlier this year argues that the funding of the World Service through the licence fee strengthens the corporation’s hand in negotiations about a new charter.
Andrew Whitehead was the editor of BBC World Service News for six years to March 2015, and was also a BBC Delhi correspondent, a radio news presenter and an award-winning documentary maker in a BBC career stretching over thirty-five years. He has a PhD in history and is an honorary professor at the University of Nottingham.
This article is reposted under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International licence from the openDemocracy website.
BBG Watch Commentary
The U.S. taxpayer-government-funded Voice of America (VOA) operates under a completely different legislative arrangement (VOA Charter which mandates that in addition to presenting accurate news, VOA also must present the policies of the United States. America’s VOA operates under much different media and political traditions. There are different attitudes in the United States toward the government and the press on the part of the taxpayers and, above all, there is a different constitutional system.
While the Voice of America is no longer a major player as an international news organization or as an international broadcaster, as it once was–a point made recently by a former VOA foreign correspondent and others, the BBC continues to be a highly respected and influential news source both in the UK and internationally. BBC has a vastly greater following on social media than VOA (about 20 to 1 between BBC News and VOA News on Facebook; 3 to 1 between BBC World Service and VOA News) and most of BBC radio and television broadcasts which are placed on stations and networks abroad are uncensored news and news-related broadcasts while VOA often pre-censors its often very short placement programs in a possible violation of its own Charter. That’s why VOA’s audience claims, as opposed to BBC audience claims, are questionable and misleading.
Andrew Whitehead’s article may also be an interesting reading in light of a recently reported protest by a small group of Voice of America English newsroom reporters who are said to have demanded from the Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG), the federal government agency in charge of VOA, “a swift and complete renunciation of the idea that VOA would engage in countering violent extremism.” Some of these reporters often don’t get many more than 10 Facebook “Shares” for their individual reports on the VOA English news website, while BBC reporters can get hundreds and thousands from the BBC website. This may not be entirely the fault of VOA English news reporters as the whole VOA digital and program delivery strategy has been mismanaged by VOA and BBG executives. They also vastly reduced and mismanaged VOA’s news reporting capabilities and radio and television broadcasts. However, when it comes to stating opposition to “countering” terrorism or propaganda, journalists working for VOA’s foreign language services and journalists working for BBG’s other media outlets, such as Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty (RFE/RL), Radio Free Asia (RFA), Middle East Broadcasting Networks (MBN – Radio Sawa and Alhurra TV) and Radio and TV Marti are not expressing similar concerns in a similar way.
The issue, as BBG Watch sees it, is both semantic and political. Any excellent and honest news reporting “counters” lies and propaganda by its very existence. How some Voice of America reporters communicate this to U.S. taxpayers and the U.S. Congress who pay their salaries and bills is of outmost importance. In the United States there is a different political dialogue about such issues than in the UK. U.S. taxpayers and members of Congress may only be willing to pay for international media outreach if they are absolutely convinced that it strengthens U.S. security and human rights abroad. Convincing U.S. taxpayers and members of Congress to give money to any reporters who can’t prove they have any significant Internet following or to a dysfunctional and mismanaged agency that made these reporters largely ineffective in the digital age may be just too much to ask.
Fortunately, this is not the case with the BBC, although its funding problems are also very real. Andrew Whitehead’s article is a valuable contribution to a discussion how these money problems can be best solved within British media traditions. But it also relevant to how journalistic freedom can be the best guarantee of credibility and large audience reach provided an organization is otherwise well-managed and self-correcting.
The Voice of America has not been well-managed, self-correcting or accountable to U.S. taxpayers under the Broadcasting Board of Governors and its enormous federal government bureaucracy, the International Broadcasting Bureau (IBB). Unfortunately, some of the solutions proposed by Andrew Whitehead for the BBC World Service cannot be applied to VOA under the U.S. political system and U.S. media traditions. The most important of these is an extremely high skepticism most Americans have about any government-funded news reporting efforts.
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Media Article
Does the World Service have a future?
‘We all have to decide what we want to do with the World Service, whether it wants a strategy for growth or managed marginalisation’. This was James Harding, the director of BBC News, speaking at the launch of his Future of News report in January 2015.
When editors declare that part of their empire faces a choice between expansion or decay, they are, of course, not advocating the second option. But the stark manner in which the issue was raised – what do we do with the World Service? – chimes with a debate pursued fitfully within the BBC in recent years. When the corporation faces such acute funding challenges, what role is there for what’s sometimes perceived as a heritage brand remote from its new funder, the licence fee payer?
If the BBC was designing a range of global services from scratch, it would probably not put as much effort in a global English language radio service as it would in television and digital offers. And if it broadcast at all in other languages, it might well be in a small number of widely spoken languages. But the BBC is not new in the game. It’s in the privileged position of being the best regarded global news broadcaster with a reach and authority built gradually over decades of endeavour. It is currently attracting three-hundred million viewers, listeners and users around the world and has been set – by director general Tony Hall – the task of raising that to half-a-billion by the BBC’s centenary in 2022.
What is the World Service?
One of the difficulties in discussing the World Service is deciding what it is. The World Service Group, a fairly recent rebranding within BBC News, stretches well beyond what most would understand by that name. By the World Service, we mean those international-facing sections of the BBC that were funded principally by a Foreign Office grant-in-aid until April 2014 when they came under the licence fee:
– the English World Service, a 24-hour radio network which is also increasingly a content provider for digital as well as audio platforms;
– the twenty-seven language services, once radio operations but now with as big a reach on television, the internet and social media.
That does not stretch, for our purposes here, to encompass those components of the World Service Group which have a different funding basis or history: BBC World News television and the bbc.com website, with audience reach outside the UK of 85 million and 32 million respectively, are largely commercially-funded; BBC Media Action, an ambitious global development communications charity, is supported by donors, governmental and otherwise; BBC Monitoring, funded principally by the Cabinet Office until 2013, now falls under the licence fee.
The transfer of funding responsibility from the Foreign Office to the licence fee was preceded by a reduction of about a quarter in the World Service budget, entailing the closure of several language services as well as of transmitters and frequencies. The unceremonious dumping of the World Service on the licence fee produced an undertow of resentment elsewhere in the BBC, faced with the prospect of cuts to accommodate services the Foreign Office no longer wished to support. That anxiety was mirrored within the World Service. So far, though, the BBC has lived up to its public commitment to inject additional money into the World Service – though that does not mean that global services will, or should, be immune from the need to achieve further savings.
If the Foreign Office was still the funder, the World Service would certainly have faced cuts much deeper than it has so far endured. And simply on the grounds of convincing our audiences of our editorial independence, the rock on which the BBC’s worldwide reputation stands, being funded in the same way as much of the rest of BBC News feels a lot more comfortable than receiving a grant directly from government.
All this coincided with the BBC’s move out of Bush House, a building so resolutely unmodern that it really was an example of managed decline. However much the World Service loved Bush House and the cosmopolitan culture it nourished over seventy years, being at a distance from Broadcasting House and Television Centre created formidable barriers to binding with the broader BBC. The move to the lavishly expanded Broadcasting House, where World Service teams are co-located with the rest of BBC News, has proved to be a blessing.
The ‘soft power’ argument
The funding change has required a recalibration of the case for public money to fund services which are directed largely to audiences outside the UK. The most difficult argument for the World Service is the one James Harding turned to first when launching his Future of News report – that it is ‘an ambassador of Britain’s values and an agent of soft power in the world’. The argument that respect for and the reach of the BBC World Service brings benefit to Britain is unexceptional. But if that extends to presenting the World Service as an informal aspect of British diplomacy, then a line has been crossed.
The main purpose of the World Service is to meet a demonstrable need for impartial, authoritative and engaging news. If that is diluted, even if simply to help make a case in Westminster and Whitehall, there is a risk of damaging the trust which is the basis of the service’s reputation and reach.
It’s the audience size, stupid
The more compelling case for the World Service is its continued success in attracting audiences. Across the world, one in every sixteen adults makes use of the BBC. Two-thirds of that reach comes from the World Service. It’s what sustains the BBC as a global brand.
The English World Service is by far the BBC’s biggest radio network. According to the 2015 Global Audience Measure, more than 50 million listeners tune in every week. The latest figures indicate an impressive year-on-year increase in audience of almost a quarter. A gradual fall-off in short-wave listening has been more than matched by increasing audiences to FM relays in major cities and by World Service content being carried on hundreds of partner stations who dip in to BBC output for part of the day. Half the total English audience is in Africa. Half of the rest is in the United States, where public radio pays (not a huge sum, but in total several million dollars a year) for the right to rebroadcast flagship programmes such as Newshour.
Although only 4 per cent of the audience for the English World Service is in the UK – split roughly equally between those listening on digital audio and in the night hours on Radio 4 frequencies – that still delivers a reach of more than two-million, which is about the same as Radio 3. It’s a powerful reaffirmation of the value of the World Service to licence fee payers.
The network has devised new, more engaging, formats for news and current affairs, with programmes such as World Have Your Say and Outside Source. It produces the BBC’s most widely accessed news podcasts (the Global Newspodcast has approaching half-a-million downloads a day) and has developed a Facebook community, notably in South Asia, which is well over the three-million mark. The 2016 audiences figures will, for the first time, reflect the success of the newly-launched BBC Minute, a ‘bite-sized conversation of what’s happening now around the globe’ refreshed every half-hour. This has a tone and news agenda aimed particularly at younger listeners to mixed genre radio stations in Africa; it will add several millions to overall reach.
A radio service which is sometimes seen as unchanging has had a greater pace of change than any other of the BBC’s national radio networks – accompanied by greater audience growth.
World Service ‘in a sweet spot’
The reputation of the World Service, and the generally high standing it enjoys with parliamentarians and opinion formers, is a valuable asset to an embattled BBC and threatened licence fee. Some years ago, a senior member of the BBC’s audiences and marketing team, in presenting a survey of parliamentary and political opinion about the BBC and its constituent parts, commented lyrically that the World Service was ‘in a sweet spot’ while the broader BBC was simply ‘in a spot’. That’s still the case. John Whittingdale who, as the new culture secretary is regarded in some quarters as ‘the scourge of the BBC’, presided over a culture, media and sport select committee report which lauded the World Service as ‘a reliable, respected foreign and English language news service’ with ‘an increasingly important role in what is a global information war’.
That outlook is reflected in the government’s green paper on the BBC published in July 2015, which emphasises the need for continuing change in the World Service – but to ensure its continued vitality rather than to squeeze value out of it:
We want to look at how this important part of the BBC’s service can continue to compete with other international providers and remain relevant in a changing global environment.
… Making sure the World Service continues to have the funding it needs will be vital to allow it to continue to deliver value for the UK.
The pressure on the World Service’s budgets (the green paper puts these at £254 million in 2014-15) is likely to come from inside the BBC rather than from external pressure to reduce the scope of global news provision.
The funding of the World Service through the licence fee strengthens the BBC’s hand in negotiations about a new charter – in the words of theEconomist, ‘while the World Service remains a national treasure, it is also a valuable ransom’. The BBC’s case for charter renewal is likely to argue that only a sufficient overall settlement will allow the World Service to thrive and, in particular, to implement some of the recommendations put forward by Sir Howard Stringer, former president and CEO of Sony and a non-executive member of the BBC’s executive board, about how to reach the half-billion audience target. These include consideration of a service in Amharic for Ethiopia, Africa’s second most populous nation, and a platform to reach the people of North Korea.
Language services
The BBC’s language services have been through more profound change than perhaps any other part of the corporation. Once almost entirely radio services, these now gain as much of their reach through television, online and social media. Television services in Arabic and Persian, with audiences of 32 million and 14 million respectively, are now the main BBC platforms into the Middle East. While radio remains the primary means of reaching audiences in much of Africa, TV news services in Swahili, building on the Focus on Africa brand in English, are starting to attract millions of viewers.
The case for broadcasting in the most widely spoken languages, and in a small number of lifeline languages (Somali is a good example) where the BBC has high standing and can meet profound need, is fairly clear cut. Not all the current range of services fit in one or other category. This is in part a legacy of rancour between the BBC and the Foreign Office over the implementation of public spending cuts. The Foreign Office insisted on retaining a right of veto over the closure of languages services while divesting itself of funding responsibility. This curious anomaly may well get ironed out in the charter negotiations. But the enduring veto limited the BBC’s scope for a thorough remodelling of the range of languages in which it broadcasts – and it may well wish to return to this issue once a new charter is in place. That certainly is the message from Howard Stringer, who recommended prioritising languages and services with the greatest potential for growth and ensuring that digital and ‘mobile first’ strategies punch through.
Commercialising the World Service
While the BBC’s World News TV network and the global-facing website have shown the way in attracting commercial income, the World Service also needs to explore opportunities for topping-up budgets. Some of the bigger language websites have piloted taking adverts, and the success of Arabic TV is likely to prompt consideration of its commercial potential. There’s not so much prospect of further commercial revenues from the English World Service – unless it, too, pilots taking advertising, which would be politically difficult and, given the absence of an established advertising market in international radio, may not be all that lucrative.
Not many licence fee payers watch or listen to the BBC’s language service but they gain in another way. Languages journalists allow the BBC to maintain comprehensive global cover at a time when resources are tight and the newsgathering footprint is shrinking. Correspondents brought in to the BBC to work for language services – among them Shaima’a Khalil, Tomi Oladipo, Anne Soy, Nomsa Maseko and Rupa Jha – are increasingly familiar faces and voices to audiences in the UK. This sharpens the BBC’s journalism, freshens the range of on air talent and is a more efficient use of the licence fee. It is one of those examples of crisis being a catalyst to changes which are altogether beneficial.
‘Our biggest job is not to screw it up’
Over the past few years, the World Service has avoided the prospect of death by a thousand cuts through innovation and new investment, as well as a pursuit of greater efficiency. Judging by audience size, it has worked handsomely. That success offers the BBC the opportunity of remaining a vital force in international news at a time of retrenchment.
The new form of funding for the World Service carries risks, and it remains possible that a smaller BBC will turn in on itself and focus narrowly on a public service remit in the UK. That is not only unlikely, it would also be unwise. The harm it would inflict on the BBC’s global reputation, and so its ability to provide comprehensive news for domestic as well as international audiences, would be immense. As James Harding put it recently, ‘the BBC is unique, the most trusted, responsible and reliable news source in the world, and our biggest job in the next ten years is not to screw it up’.
This is an edited extract of a chapter from the forthcoming book:
The BBC Today: Future Uncertain. Ed. John Mair, Professor Richard Tait and Professor Richard Lance Keeble. Abramis Bury St Edmunds: 5 September 2015
Isbn: 9781845496562
(Copies available from mid august from Richard@arimapublishing.co.uk and on Amazon)
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