OPINION
How Voice of America Censored Solzhenitsyn
Russian Propaganda and U.S. Politics Today
By Ted Lipien
Similarities between World War II and Cold War era Soviet propaganda and Russian propaganda today and its influence on U.S. politics and media are too obvious to be ignored. They are, in fact, strikingly similar in their techniques, derogatory labels applied to enemies, and their disruptive effect on how news media functioned then and functions now in democratic societies. From World War II to today, American statesmen, intellectuals, and journalists, both on the left, and on the right, but initially for many decades mostly on the left and now increasingly on the right, have been deceived by Russian propaganda into making political decisions that harmed America’s values and national interests. It started with the now almost completely forgotten collusion between the left-leaning propagandists of the Roosevelt administration at the Voice of America (VOA) to help Stalin establish control over East Central Europe and defeat his anti-communist enemies.
This was by far the most significant collaboration between the Executive Branch and a foreign power hostile to the United States and its constitutional democracy, although at the time, a valuable military ally against Nazi Germany. The deception continued during various periods of the Cold War when U.S. officials, both Republicans, and Democrats, muted the Voice of America in response to propaganda pressure from the Kremlin. It continues today with U.S. government officials of the Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG) [since 2018 renamed the U.S. Agency for Global Media (USAGM)] in charge of the Voice of America and Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL), the majority of them Democrats, failing to expose quickly and counter effectively when it still could have had the desired impact, one of the biggest Russian propaganda and disinformation offensives against American democracy and its electoral system that, along with many other factors, may have cost Hillary Clinton the presidency.
This most spectacular failure by the BBG [now USAGM] federal government bureaucracy in charge of U.S. international radio, TV, and Internet outreach has received hardly any attention from mainstream American media. U.S. media reports that have appeared recently were, I suspect, in most cases inspired by BBG officials, some of whom are indeed experts in self-serving domestic propaganda and have longstanding contacts with mainstream liberal media. The chief purpose of these PR articles was to obscure the fact that VOA and Radio Liberty have been defeated in the information war with Russia, China, and Iran. Not even President Obama bothered to grant VOA an exit interview in 2016. He never once mentioned the Broadcasting Board of Governors in connection with countering Russian or ISIS propaganda. RFE, RL, and VOA during the Cold War would have been the first ones highlighted by any U.S. president speaking out on such a topic. There was never any mention in any of the promotional U.S. media reports of the BBG’s failure to discover and warn public opinion about the Russian interference in the U.S. election or about its dismal online audience reach in Russia, far below that of the few remaining independent Russian news websites, such as MEDUZA or Dozhd, also known as TV Rain.[ref]See Alexa rankings in Ted Lipien’s article: “BBG Governor Confirms Inadequacy of U.S. BBG Media in Countering Putin Propaganda,” BBG Watch, June 17, 2016, accessed October 29, 2017, https://bbgwatch.com/bbg-governor-confirms-inadequacy-of-u-s-bbg-media-in-countering-putin-propaganda/.[/ref] At one time, however, VOA and Radio Liberty were powerful weapons against Soviet propaganda. During the Cold War, Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty almost never failed in their commitment to democracy and human rights.
The Voice of America had a somewhat different and checkered history than Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty. Most of the time, VOA also countered Soviet propaganda and brought hope to millions of radio listeners behind the Iron Curtain. At other times, however, it served under the control of Gulag deniers as a U.S. propaganda outlet for Stalin. There were periods in VOA’s history when defenders of democracy and human rights activists were effectively banned from its programs: leaders of the democratic governments-in-exile fighting Nazi Germany but opposed by Stalin, former prisoners of Soviet jails and labor camps, and anti-communist writers, artists, and journalists. Soviet propaganda often referred to them as “fascists,” “Nazi sympathizers,” “reactionaries,” “warmongers,” or “anti-Semites.” Some of these KGB-created labels against Solzhenitsyn can again be seen in Russian propaganda aimed against Ukraine.
VOA bans against some of the same individuals were either ordered by U.S. policymakers, as in Alexandr Solzhenitsyn’s case, but quite often, in the case of less known opponents of Communism, imposed by ideologically-driven VOA managers and editors acting on their own. These practices have become again increasingly common now under the Broadcasting Board of Governors [U.S. Agency for Global Media] and Voice of America leaders, some of whom, especially among the Democrats, are the present-day Armand Hammers. He was an American industrialist known for his close business ties to the Soviet Union and its leaders. Some of the BBG officials and executives have been known to engage in doing corporate business or have family investments in Russia and China — a conflict of interest situation that would not have been tolerated during the Cold War.
Those in charge of U.S. international broadcasting now who have corporate business interests in Russia or China might be less aggressive in pushing for investigative reporting on Russian President Vladimir Putin’s or Chinese efforts at destabilizing American politics. They might also be less aggressive in advocating measures that might result in closing down or scaling down RL or VOA news bureaus in Moscow and Beijing. Disclosures of corruption and scandals could lead to sanctions that might affect the personal business interests of these BBG and VOA officials. There is abundant historical evidence that such personal considerations, in the past primarily ideological and now also economic, were just as influential if not more powerful in leading to censorship at the Voice of America than foreign policy-driven directives from the White House or the State Department. The banning by VOA of the Russian Nobel Prize-winning writer Alexandr Solzhenitsyn in the 1970s was driven by U.S. foreign policy, but it was also made in response to Soviet propaganda and pressure on U.S. policymakers.
The knowledge of this history is a good background to understanding how the United States can protect itself from propaganda and disinformation coming from abroad and from ideological biases and conflicts of interest within the BBG. It could help American media and American politicians, both on the left and on the right, from becoming targets and victims of propaganda originated in Russia, China, Iran, Cuba, or any other country under dictatorial or authoritarian rule opposed to free press and elections in which all opposition candidates can freely participate with free access to media.
There exists a definite link between propaganda and censorship. One of propaganda’s goals is often to tarnish the reputation of political enemies at home and abroad with carefully selected emotionally-charged labels, which can result in them being censored by journalists, banned altogether from media appearances and shunned by timid politicians. Alexandr Solzhenitsyn was one of the best known among the many victims of this type of propaganda when he became a prime target of a relentless smear campaign run by the KGB Soviet intelligence and security service in the 1970s and ’80s, but he was not the only one. There was Barry Goldwater in the 1950s. There was Richard Nixon in the 1960s until he embraced Henry Kissinger’s Realpolitik policy of détente with the Soviet Union. In a twist of historical irony, anti-communist Republicans, Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford, gave during their presidencies a major boost to Soviet propaganda against Solzhenitsyn by making him a persona non grata at the White House and the Voice of America, even as the Russian exile was warmly received on Capitol Hill by both Democrats and Republicans and by millions of American readers of his chronicle of Soviet crimes, The Gulag Archipelago. Soviet propagandists also did not spare President Kennedy and President Johnson. There was, of course, a major Soviet propaganda campaign in the 1980′ against Ronald Reagan, Pope John Paul II, and Polish Solidarity labor union leader Lech Wałęsa. Of all of these, the KGB operation against Solzhenitsyn was the most effective and had the most long lasting effect in damaging his reputation and his legacy.
There were other East-Central European and Russian victims of Soviet propaganda and VOA’s censorship before Solzhenitsyn. The Voice of America started out during World War II by banning and vilifying critics of Stalin with more determination than even the Roosevelt White House and the State Department would approve of at various times. From 1942 until 1951, VOA censored Gulag witnesses, such as Polish officer Józef Czapski.
VOA banned Solzhenitsyn in 1974, while Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty did not. Some of these actions had the direct blessing of the State Department, while others originated within the United States Information Agency (USIA) and among VOA managers and editors. Today, VOA still censors some critics of authoritarian regimes in China and Iran. All of these actions against opponents of communism, religious fundamentalism, and corruption were preceded by foreign propaganda designed to present them in the United States as extremists or criminals of one kind or another and, therefore, not suitable to be seen by American politicians or granted media interviews.
Russia and China still use this kind of propaganda and disinformation tactics today to isolate their critics by confusing and intimidating government officials and media in the West. Russia, under President Putin, an ex-KGB intelligence officer, uses dirty tricks to target key U.S. politicians, as Hillary Clinton and her supporters discovered during and after the 2016 U.S. presidential election campaign. Whatever damage was done to Clinton’s reputation by fake foreign-originated news and social media ads might have been avoided if the secret meddling had been exposed by U.S. media with convincing evidence of wrongdoing while it was happening. The Obama White House knew about it and should have taken effective measures to stop the interference, but it failed to do so.
The Voice of America, run by the Broadcasting Board of Governors, the $740 million federal agency, which in 2013 the then Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and herself an ex officio BBG Board member called “practically defunct,” was at least partly responsible for this failure, as it was unable or unwilling to get out the news about Russian government’s purchases of Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube ads in an attempt to influence the U.S. vote. Radio Liberty, also reporting to the BBG, may be even more to blame for not uncovering and reporting on the story when it could have still made a difference because it employs far more journalists and analysts specializing in Russia-related reporting than VOA.[ref]Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, January 23, 2013, Testimony to the House Committee on Foreign Affairs. HILLARY CLINTON: “Our Broadcasting Board of Governors is practically defunct in terms of its capacity to tell a message around the world. So we’re abdicating the ideological arena and we need to get back into it. We have the best values. We have the best narrative. Most people in the world just want to have a good decent life that is supported by a good decent job and raise their families and we’re letting the Jihadist narrative fill a void. We have to get in there and compete and we can do it successfully.”[/ref]
Had VOA and RL broken this story early in 2016 and provided sufficient details gathered in Russia, mainstream U.S. media would have immediately picked up on it, providing American voters a sufficiently early warning about foreign propaganda, disinformation, and interference. No other U.S. media organization had more staff journalists and freelancers on the ground in Russia than the BBG. But as the U.S. election campaign was getting underway, RFE/RL had dismissed Anastasia Kirilenko, one of its most enterprising investigative reporters in Radio Liberty’s Russian Service, known in Russian as Radio Svoboda, who conceivably could have uncovered the evidence of definite links between the Russian troll farms and interference designed to influence U.S. voters. [ref]”A Putin Corruption Reporter Too Radical For Radio Liberty Radio Liberty: CONVERSATION WITH FORMER RADIO LIBERTY INVESTIGATIVE REPORTER ANASTASIA KIRILENKO – PART I,” BBG Watch, January 25, 2016, accessed October 26, 2017, https://bbgwatch.com/a-putin-corruption-reporter-too-radical-for-radio-liberty/.[/ref]
Ironically, the BBG’s significant presence in Russia, tolerated so far by Vladimir Putin’s FSB because it presents no real danger to his rule while providing a justification for keeping open far more effective RT (formerly Russia Today) and SPUTNIK bureaus and operations in the U.S., may have been the cause of RL’s and VOA’s journalistic failures. A strong desire by BBG’s Washington bureaucrats to keep BBG bureaus in Russia at their current high staffing levels opened them to easy blackmail from the Russian government and its Federal Security Service, the FSB. During the Cold War, Radio Liberty had no staff reporters in the Soviet Union (it had secret contributors), but it still managed to break major stories of previously unreported human rights violations in Russia and elsewhere behind the Iron Curtain to audiences vastly larger than it has now.
But as Secretary Clinton observed in 2013, describing to lawmakers the Broadcasting Board of Governors’ Voice of America, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty and other U.S. government-funded operations, “We’re not doing what we did during the Cold War.”[ref]”Clinton: ‘We Have the Best Values. We Have the Best Narrative”We’re letting the Jihadist narrative fill a void’,” The Washington Free Beacon, January 23, 2013, accessed October 27, 2017, http://freebeacon.com/politics/clinton-we-have-the-best-values-we-have-the-best-narrative/.[/ref] She would probably agree that the BBG’s failure was one of many factors which may have contributed to her defeat in the 2016 election, whether by failing to expose the actual interference or by failing to weaken the effectiveness of earlier Russian propaganda efforts.
Whether the Russian government’s meddling and its Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube ads had a significant effect on the U.S. election outcome is a separate issue. I personally doubt that they did. Further research and analysis are needed to make the final judgment, but the underlying causes for the election outcome unfavorable to Hillary Clinton seemed to have been long in place before the start of the Russian interference. To be effective, propaganda requires constant repetition and must have at least a partly receptive audience. While one should not underestimate the power of deceptive foreign propaganda being mindlessly regurgitated by American media, the duration of the Russian interference was relatively short and the amount of money spent was minuscule compared to what the U.S. candidates themselves and their supporters spent on political advertising.
It may, therefore, never be known what exact effect the Russian interference had on the 2016 U.S. election outcome, if any, in the key American states. Still, the Russians did not do anything new or different in 2016 that they had not done many times before using propaganda and disinformation to target the United States. While not engaging in disinformation, defined as promoting deliberate lies or half-truths, the U.S. has tried to influence political developments in the Soviet Union since the early 1950s and now in Russia, using RFE, RL, and VOA broadcasts.
During World War II, the Voice of America did not broadcast in Russian in order not to offend Stalin. VOA broadcasts in the late 1940s continued to cover up some of his major crimes, such as the Soviet mass murder of thousands of Polish officers in Katyń in 1940, but later broadcasts, especially by Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, included disclosures of secret documents, such as Nikita Khrushchev’s speech to the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1956 about Stalin’s brutal rule. Revelations of torture of prisoners by the communist authorities were also highlighted in some 140 Radio Free Europe interviews with Józef Światło, a high-ranking official in the Ministry of Public Security who defected to the West in 1953 from Poland.[ref]Arch Puddington, Broadcasting Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty (Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 2000), 33-35, 67.[/ref]
The significant difference was that these U.S. broadcasts were against brutal, undemocratic regimes which suppressed human rights, free press, and free election and threatened the United States. The U.S. effort succeeded, but it took many decades of broadcasting behind the Iron Curtain to break the communist monopoly on information. Putin’s Russia is different from the Soviet Union under Stalin or Brezhnev, but it also lacks fully free media and fully democratic politics and elections. Journalists working in Russia who break news stories truly damaging to Putin have to fear for their lives. The Russian propaganda and disinformation campaign with RT and SPUTNIK reports and social media posts designed to help Donald Trump win the U.S. presidency while setting the stage for creating further divisions within American society seems to have been relatively short and done on the cheap. Still, it needs to be investigated, including the causes of the BBG’s failure to uncover, disclose and warn about it in real time.
What might also interest experts on propaganda and legal scholars are the partisan and attempts by some of the Voice of America’s managers, editors, and journalists in 2016 to discredit Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders in a sustained effort to help Hillary Clinton win the presidency. This activity, illegal under the VOA Charter, was carried out by some Voice of America managers, editors, and journalists for what seem to be personal and ideological reasons. These activities were not related to the Russian meddling in U.S. elections, which in any case, VOA and RL spectacularly failed to expose and counter despite their missions mandated by U.S. law. One of the most underreported stories of the 2016 campaign, although it was mentioned in a Wall Street Journal op-ed, was a one-sided VOA Ukrainian Service produced video with Ukrainian subtitles and a VOA logo, featuring Hollywood actor Robert DeNiro calling Donald Trump “punk,” “dog,” “pig,” “con,” “buls**t artist,” “mutt,” “idiot,” “fool,” “bozo,” and “blatantly stupid.”[ref]Robert Reilly, “How to Make the Voice of America Come Through Loud and Clear,” The Wall Street Journal, February 17, 2017. https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-to-make-the-voice-of-america-come-through-loud-and-clear-1487375332.
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Ukrainian and Russian-speaking voters in the United States (the languages are similar, and the soundtrack was in English) are known to be among the VOA’s audience on the Internet. VOA is also known to target anyone capable of understanding foreign languages. VOA does it with Facebook boosting ads paid for by all U.S. taxpayers, including Trump and Sanders supporters.[ref]Broadcasting Board of Governors Multimedia Writer and Editor for BBG public information in an official e-mail response to the author, December 8, 2015: “VOA does not employ bots or click farms. VOA spends advertising money across roughly 15 languages to run campaigns on multiple platforms. Every campaign is different–a service might ‘boost’ an individual post to get it in front of more users and increase engagement metrics like comments or shares. Other campaigns promote broadcast content in target regions or advertise VOA to people searching specific keywords in search engines.”[/ref]
The video was eventually removed by VOA from Facebook, but its impact and the impact of similar one-sided, pro-Clinton VOA reports on U.S. voters have not yet been fully assessed. It is doubtful that it can be accurately assessed now after so much time has passed.
Treatment of Trump by some VOA journalists in multiple programs last year and this year has been far worse than VOA’s and other U.S. media treatment of Solzhenitsyn in the 1970s. Bernie Sanders’ reputation was also tarnished in at least one VOA program in 2016.[ref]Dan Wright, “U.S. State Media Runs Hit Piece on Bernie Sanders,” ShadowProof, June 16, 2016, accessed October 29, 2017, https://shadowproof.com/2016/06/16/us-state-media-runs-hit-piece-on-bernie-sanders/.[/ref] The source of this partisan propaganda against American politicians and their supporters, and in the case of Hillary Clinton strongly in her favor, was in all probability internal to VOA and its staff. It had nothing to do with Russia or Russian meddling, and, as far as I know, it was not ordered by anyone at the Obama White House or the Broadcasting Board of Governors, but Obama administration officials at BBG and VOA did nothing to stop it effectively and may have contributed to it by their own public criticism of Trump. This may have been interpreted by some VOA journalists as giving them the green light to ignore the VOA Charter and to attack Trump in a one-sided manner, especially since they and their bosses did not expect him to win.
Censoring Alexander Solzhenitsyn by the Voice of America in the 1970s, which Cold War Radio Museum will cover in a series of articles to be posted in the period leading up to the 100th anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution, which started on November 7, 1917, and will continue for a few days after the anniversary date, is a case study of the impact of Soviet propaganda in the United States. One of the articles will focus on the collusion between American and Soviet propagandists, which helped to put millions of East Central Europeans under Stalin’s rule for many decades and contributed to the Korean and Vietnam wars. The series of articles for this exhibit will also focus on how VOA journalists fought against censorship during the Cold War. It will also touch on some of the current controversies, including the broadcasting Board of Governors’ failure to uncover Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential election and the shortening of the VOA Mandarin Service interview with Chinese whistleblower Guo Wengui in April 2017. These current events, as well as the forced suspension of Chinese Service journalists who opposed the VOA management’s decision on the Guo Wengui interview, have their historical roots in the World War II collusion of VOA officials and journalists with Soviet propagandists in the defense of Stalin and the banning of Solzhenitsyn in the 1970s. The articles will also examine the elimination of censorship on Soviet topics in VOA programs during the Reagan administration and Solzhenitsyn’s partial reconciliation with the Voice of America in the 1980s.
Russian Propaganda and U.S. Politics Today
Radio Liberty Fails on Russian Interference
The Obama “Reset” with Russia
Brief History of VOA’s Domestic Propaganda
Radio Liberty Fails on Russian Interference
China, Iran, Cuba, North Korea
Main article for “How Voice of America Censored Solzhenitsyn” Cold War Radio Museum Exhibit in November 2017:
SOLZHENITSYN Target of KGB Propaganda and Censorship by Voice of America
Chapters
Solzhenitsyn – Target of Red Propaganda
Censorship at the Voice of America – A Historical Background
Decision to Ban Solzhenitsyn from VOA
Political Fallout for President Ford
Fallout for VOA Managers During Reagan Years
Criticism in Congress
VOA Foreign Broadcasters Against Institutional Censorship
Solzhenitsyn Criticizes VOA and Radio Liberty in 1982
A Partial Reconciliation with VOA
Solzhenitsyn Records for VOA
KGB, Solzhenitsyn and U.S. Media
Another Solzhenitsyn Reading on VOA
Conclusions
Photos: (Top) Alexandr Solzhenitsyn and his wife Natalia Dmitriyevna Solzhenitsyn exiting from Alaska Airlines plane upon their arrival on May 27, 1994 in Vladivostok as they returned from exile in the United States.
(Bottom)Local Russian officials and VOA reporter Ted Lipien awaiting the arrival of Alexandr Solzhenitsyn in Vladivostok on May 27, 1994. VOA had no plans for on-the-ground coverage of Solzhenitsyn’s arrival in Russia, but Ted Lipien and VOA Russian Branch Chief Sherwood Demitz who were in Vladivostok on a marketing trip to promote rebroadcasting of VOA programs by local radio stations sent in a report to Washington.
Ted Lipien was VOA acting associate director in charge of central news programs before his retirement in 2006. In the 1970s, he worked as a broadcaster in the VOA Polish Service and was a reporter and service chief in the 1980s during Solidarity’s struggle for democracy in Poland. He is one of the co-founders and supporters of BBG Watch whose volunteers monitor management and performance of taxpayer-funded Voice of America and other U.S. government-run media operations within the Broadcasting Board of Governors.